Definition
纵然 (zòngrán) is a formal, literary conjunction meaning 'even if, even though' — it introduces a hypothetical concession, often in written or elevated speech. It is very close in meaning to 即使 (jíshǐ) but more classical and less common in everyday conversation; 哪怕 (nǎpà) and 就算 (jiùsuàn) are more colloquial alternatives.
conjunction
even ifeven though
Examples
- 纵然，。zòng rán jiéguǒ bù lǐxiǎng, wǒ yě yào jìxù nǔlì.Even if the result is not ideal, I will continue to work hard.
- 纵然，。zòng rán yǒu qiān bǎi gè lǐyóu, tā yě bù xiǎng fàngqì.Even if there are a thousand reasons, he doesn't want to give up.
- 纵然，。zòng rán qiánlù qiánlù jiānnán, wǒmen yě yào yǒng wǎng zhí qián.Even if the road ahead is difficult, we must forge ahead courageously.
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