如上 (rú shǎng) — as above; as stated above

Definition

Written/formal idiom meaning 'as above' — used to refer back to text, requirements, or clauses already stated. Much more common in contracts, notices, and official writing than in speech.

idiom
as aboveas stated above
Easily confused

Examples

  • 如上。
    Qǐng nín àn zhào rú shǎng yāo qiú jìn xíng xiū gǎi.
    Please make revisions according to the requirements stated above.
  • 如上。
    rú shǎng Suǒ shù qíng kuàng jūn shǔ shí.
    All the circumstances described above are true.
  • 如上。
    Běn xié yì rú shǎng tiáo kuǎn zì qiān shǔ zhī rì qǐ shēng xiào.
    The above clauses in this agreement take effect from the date of signing.

Origin

Compound word
构词法gòucífǎ
动宾dòngbīnVerb + object

An action followed by what it acts on, fused into one word.

如rúlike
上shàngabove

如 means like or as, and 上 means above, giving the sense as stated above.

Characters in this word

Most characters — around four in five — are built this way: one part hints at the meaning, the other at the pronunciation.

Meaning part形符xíngfú
口口kǒumouth
Sound part声符shēngfú
女
女nǚ如rú
Same sound today

如 is built from 口 (mouth) for its meaning and 女 (woman) for its sound.

Open 如 →

An abstract idea shown by a mark or a diagram rather than by a picture of an object.

上 is drawn as a short horizontal line placed above a longer arc, marking a position above that arc.

Open 上 →

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