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确凿 (què záo) — conclusive, irrefutable, authentic (of evidence, facts, records)

Definition

确凿 stresses that evidence or facts have been verified beyond doubt. Unlike 明确 (clear and explicit by design) or 确切 (precise and exact), it emphasizes factual reliability — solid, irrefutable proof.

adjective
conclusiveirrefutableauthentic (of evidence, facts, records)

Examples

  • 确凿。
    Jǐng fāng yǐ jīng zhǎng wò le què záo de zhèng jù.
    The police have already obtained conclusive evidence.
  • ，确凿。
    Jīng guò duō cì hé shí, shì shí què záo wú yí.
    After multiple verifications, the facts are irrefutable without doubt.
  • 确凿，。
    Zhè fèn lì shǐ jì zǎi shí fēn què záo, xué zhě men yí zhì rèn kě.
    This historical record is extremely authentic, and scholars unanimously endorse it.

Origin

Compound word
构词法gòucífǎ
联合liánhéCoordinate

Two parts of equal weight, alike or opposite in meaning, standing side by side.

确quètrue
凿záoclear

确 means true or certain, and 凿 carries the sense of clear or solid; together they describe conclusive evidence.

Characters in this word

Most characters — around four in five — are built this way: one part hints at the meaning, the other at the pronunciation.

This origin belongs to the traditional form 確; 确 is its simplified writing.

Meaning part形符xíngfú
石石shírock
Sound part声符shēngfú
隺
隺hè確què
The sound has drifted apartThe sound part was a clue two thousand years ago — it often still helps, but not always.

The traditional form 確 combines 石, a rock, with 隺 for its sound; the idea is something rock-solid and certain. The simplified 确 is a shorthand.

Open 确 →

Most characters — around four in five — are built this way: one part hints at the meaning, the other at the pronunciation.

This origin belongs to the traditional form 鑿; 凿 is its simplified writing.

Meaning part形符xíngfú
金金jīnmetal
Sound part声符shēngfú
𥽿
𥽿𥽿鑿záo
The sound has drifted apartThe sound part was a clue two thousand years ago — it often still helps, but not always.

The traditional form 鑿 combines 金, metal, with 𥽿, which gives the sound; the simplified 凿 is a different form.

Open 凿 →
Appears in
HSK 3.0 Level 7-9Good & Bad

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