艰难 (jiān nán) — difficult, hard, challenging
Definition
艰难 (jiānnán) is the written/formal word for 'arduous' — stronger and more literary than 困难, which is the everyday adjective and can also be a noun. Unlike 艰苦, it foregrounds hardship itself, not harsh conditions.
adjective
difficulthardchallenging
Examples
- 艰难。Chuàng yè de chū qī fēi cháng jiān nán.The early stages of starting a business were very difficult.
- 艰难，。Tā men kè fú le gè zhǒng jiān nán, zhōng yú chéng gōng le.They overcame all kinds of hardships and finally succeeded.
- 艰难，。Zhè duàn lù hěn jiān nán, dà jiā yào xiǎo xīn zǒu.This stretch of road is very rough; everyone needs to walk carefully.
Appears in
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